ARINC 629 Digital Data Bus Specifications [2023]

The safety concerns in avionics and automotive computer systems should be given special attention. Assurance must be provided that computer hardware or software will not result in life loss or substantial property damage caused by circumstances.

One aspect of this issue is the nature of data buses, which provide a means of communication to share information between the various electronic devices operating the vehicle.

Avionic communications need a bus capable of reliably transmitting both time-critical data used in control and monitoring functions where transmission intervals need to be guaranteed and file or block data, such as data-link communications, which need sufficient throughput capacity.

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ARINC 629 was launched in May 1995 and is currently being used on aircraft such as the Boeing 777, Airbus A330, and A340. The specification is based upon the Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communications (DATAC) development work of Boeing Commercial Aircraft.

This ARINC bus is a true data bus in that the bus functions as a multiple-source, multiple sink system. That is, every terminal on the data bus will send data to and receive data from every other terminal. This enables the sharing of data between units in the avionics system to be much more flexible. It supports a 2 Mbps data rate.

ARINC 629 protocol is a time-based, collision-avoidance protocol in which a fixed time slot is allotted to each terminal to access the bus and transfer data to the bus. By using multiple control timers embedded in the bus interfaces, each terminal will autonomously determine when the appropriate time slot is available and transmit the necessary data.

Fig 1. Bus topology

Word format:

Fig 2. Digital word Format

(20-bit word format) The first three bits are linked to word time synchronization. The next 16 bits are the data information, and a bit of parity is the final bit. The data terms, which include a variety of formats, include general formats, system status, feature status, parameter validity, and binary and discrete data words, depending on the word function. The ARINC 629 data bus cable consists of an unshielded twisted pair of wires. The wires are #20 AWG and are bonded together continuously along their length. The cables can be up to 100 metres long and do not have any specifications for field splicing.

ARINC 629 is defined for both voltage and current modes of operation. One of the appealing features of ARINC 629 is the specification of the ARINC fiber optic interface for data transmitted in groups called messages. Messages consist of word strings; up to 31-word strings can be found in a letter. The word strings start with up to 256 words of data followed by a name.

Label Word:

Word	Interpretation	Operation
Bits 1-3	Synchronization	Sync pulse (PS) is a high-to-low pulse. The First 1.5 bit is high, the last 1.5 bit is low.
Bits 4-15	Label field	Uniquely identify the parameters which are transmitted in each data word of the wordstring.
Bits 16-19	Label extension field	Channel Identification: The CID helps make the difference between them if many similar LRUs have the same component numbers and use the same name. The CID is a four-bit identifier of the same part number that can handle up to sixteen LRUs. In the label word on the label extension bits, the CID is sent.
Bit 20	Parity	Word parity is ODD and includes the sync pattern as a “data bit”.

Data Word:

Word	Interpretation	Operation
Bits 1-3	Synchronization	Sync pulse (PS) is a high-to-low pulse. The First 1.5 bit is high, the last 1.5 bit is low.
Bits 4-19	Data field	Data Types
Bit 20	Parity	Word parity is ODD and includes the sync pattern as a “data bit”.

Data Types supported:

Binary Number Representation (BNR): BNR coding stores data as a binary number. The BNR is the most efficient in terms of bus power and should typically be used. With Bit 19, the BNR Numeric Data Word Sign should be encoded. In data bit 19, negative BNR numbers are encoded as the two complements of positive values by the negative sign denoted as logic 1.
Binary Code Decimal (BCD): Numerical Subset of ISO Alphabet No 5
Alphanumeric Data: Should be coded per ISO Code #5.
Discrete Data: Should be transmitted in dedicated discrete words.

Timers:

Because of the absence of the actual bus controller, three timers allow each RT to transmit when it should and avoid any data collision on the bus.

Transmit Interval (Global parameter and longest of the three): If the RT has been transmitted, it must wait (at least) for the time specified by the TI to be able to transmit it again. It varies from 0.5005625 to 64,0005625 milliseconds, which corresponds to 1,000+ to 128,000+ bit times at the 2Mbps transmission rate. Seven bits can describe the binary value (BV) of the TI. Divided by 2 plus 0.5005625, the decimal value (BV at base 10) is the TI length of time in milliseconds. The TI begins when the RT starts transmitting.
Synchronization Gap (Second longest): SG must have a binary value of 16, 32, 64, or 127 and must be chosen to be longer than TG. These values are equivalent to 17.7 μs, 33.7 μs, 65.7 μs, and 127.7 μs, respectively. The SG timers begin when a transmission stops (i.e. when the bus is quiet). If transmission occurs on the bus before SG has expired, SG is reset. When the SG expires, if a transmission happens on the bus, the SG is not reset. As its RT begins transmitting, the SG will be reset.
Terminal Gap: Each RT is specific to the terminal gap. A unique number N, from 1 to 125, should be allocated to RTs. Multiple RTs should not bear the same N number. N + 1.6875 is the TG length of time in microseconds.

Protocol Aspects:

The key advantages of a multi-transmitter data bus include the ability to use fewer wires to pass more information at higher speeds between LRUs. Typically, they are more robust and have an architecture throughout the development phase that is more conducive to integrating complex systems. These features translate into an improved economy and increased power for commercial aircraft customers.

ARINC 629 couplers and data bus assemblies are placed together in panels in modern aircraft. During repairs, this enables faster access. The majority of coupler panels are covered; this also provides the couplers and bus cable assembly with protection from physical damage. Of the 11 data buses, nine are all couplers and the entire assembly of the data bus is entirely contained within a panel. The various protocol features of ARINC 629 are compiled in the table below.

Year of Introduction	1995
BUS Architecture	Time Division Multiplexing (multi-master)
Ports	1st is Standard & 2nd is Optional
Wires	Unshielded Twisted pair
Tx Mode	Current Coupling (Bidirectional)
Encoding	Bipolar; Bit-encoding is Manchester encoded doublets
Data Rate	2 Mbps
Protocol	CSMA/CA
Max Nodes supported	Up to 128 terminals
Words Selectable	620 words/ word string; 32-word strings
Message	ARINC 629 messages are 31 wordstring long (maximum). Word strings is a 20-bit long label word followed by 0 to 256 16-bit long data words.

Two independent media access level protocols are defined in the 629 standard for communications through a common, multiple access database. Both are referred to as the basic protocol and the combined protocol; the key difference is the way bus arbitration happens. Aah, so now this makes you curious enough to dive into the world of avionics and how different components communicate inside those big and heavy aircraft. Also, it raises questions in your colossal mind.

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